It’s real—there’s a specific division within the Spanish Tax Agency (Agencia Tributaria) internally known as the “030 team.” Not joking.
That said, it’s true that the likelihood of scrutiny increases if you “relocate” to certain jurisdictions like Andorra, Portugal, Gibraltar, the UK (although now that the non-dom scheme is over, this may relax), Monaco, Cyprus, Malta, or Italy. These countries are often targeted because it’s easier to simulate residency there.
If you’re curious, there’s also another “special operations” team known as “los zoneros.” They focus on Spanish individuals who claim to have moved to the Canary Islands and set up a “Zona ZEC” company to benefit from the reduced 4% corporate income tax rate instead of the standard 25%.
I’ve heard there’s another team, often referred to as los peluqueros, which allegedly handles cases involving offshore residents who spend significant time in Spain. The Spanish tax authorities use this to argue that such individuals should be classified as Spanish tax residents. The name los peluqueros might stem from how tax investigators reportedly gathered evidence in the Shakira case, following her daily for 12 months and documenting her frequent visits to a hairdresser in Barcelona to support their claim that she was a full tax resident in Spain.